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Coloradoa (insect)

Coloradoa (insect)

This article is about the insect genus. For the cactus genus, see Coloradoa (cactus).
- C. absinthiella
- C. absinthii
- C. achillae
- C. angelicae
- C. artemisiae
- C. campestris
- C. rufomaculata
- C. tanacetina Coloradoa is a genus of aphids, in the order Hemiptera. Category:Hemiptera

Insect

Subclass: Apterygota :Orders :
- Archaeognatha (Bristletails) :
- Thysanura (Silverfish) :
- Monura - extinct Subclass: Pterygota :
- Infraclass: "Paleoptera" (paraphyletic) ::Orders ::
- Ephemeroptera (mayflies) ::
- Protodonata - extinct ::
- Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) ::
- Diaphanopteroidea - extinct ::
- Palaeodictyoptera - extinct ::
- Megasecoptera - extinct ::
- Archodonata - extinct :
- Infraclass: Neoptera ::Orders ::
- Blattodea (cockroaches) ::
- Isoptera (termites) ::
- Mantodea (mantids) ::
- Dermaptera (earwigs) ::
- Plecoptera (stoneflies) ::
- Protorthoptera - extinct ::
- Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) ::
- Phasmatodea (walking sticks) ::
- Caloneroptera - extinct ::
- Titanoptera - extinct ::
- Embioptera (webspinners) ::
- Zoraptera ::
- Grylloblattodea ::
- Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) :
- Superorder: Exopterygota ::Orders ::
- Psocoptera (booklice, barklice) ::
- Thysanoptera (thrips) ::
- Phthiraptera (lice) ::
- Hemiptera (true bugs) :
- Superorder: Endopterygota ::Orders ::
- Raphidioptera (snakeflies) ::
- Megaloptera (alderflies, etc.) ::
- Neuroptera (net-veined insects) ::
- Coleoptera (beetles) ::
- Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites) ::
- Mecoptera (scorpionflies, etc.) ::
- Siphonaptera (fleas) ::
- Diptera (true flies) ::
- Trichoptera (caddisflies) ::
- Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) ::
- Hymenoptera (ants, bees, etc.) ::
- Protodiptera extinct ::Incertae sedis ::
- Glosselytrodea extinct ::
- Miomoptera - extinct Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely distributed taxon within the Phylum Arthropoda. Insects comprise the most diverse group of animals on the earth, with over 800,000 species described—more than all other animal groups combined: "Indeed, in no one of her works has Nature more fully displayed her exhaustless ingenuity," Pliny exclaimed. Insects may be found in nearly all environments on the planet, although only a small number of species have adapted to life in the oceans where crustaceans tend to predominate. There are approximately 5,000 dragonfly species, 2,000 praying mantis, 20,000 grasshopper, 170,000 butterfly and moth, 120,000 fly, 82,000 true bug, 350,000 beetle, and 110,000 bee and ant species. Estimates of the total number of current species, including those not yet known to science, range from two to thirty million, with most authorities favoring a figure midway between these extremes. The study of insects is called entomology.

Relationship to other arthropods

A few smaller groups with similar body plans, such as springtails (Collembola), are united with the insects in the Subphylum Hexapoda. The true insects (that is, species classified in the Class Insecta) are distinguished from all other arthropods in part by having ectognathous, or exposed, mouthparts and eleven (11) abdominal segments. Most species, but by no means all, have wings as adults. Terrestrial arthropods, such as centipedes, millipedes, scorpions and spiders, are sometimes confused with insects due to the fact that both have similar body plans, sharing (as do all arthropods) a jointed exoskeleton.

Morphology and development

Insects range in size from less than a millimeter to over 18 centimeters (some walkingsticks) in length. Insects possess segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton, a hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The body is divided into a head, a thorax, and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and a mouth. The thorax has six legs (one pair per segment) and wings (if present in the species). The abdomen has excretory and reproductive structures. Insects have a complete digestive system. That is, their digestive system consists basically of a tube that runs from mouth to anus, contrasting with the incomplete digestive systems found in many simpler invertebrates. The excretory system consists of Malpighian tubules for the removal of nitrogenous wastes and the hindgut for osmoregulation. At the end of the hindgut, insects are able to reabsorb water along with potassium and sodium ions. Therefore, insects don't usually excrete water with their feces, a fact which allows them to store water in the body. This process of reabsorption enables them to withstand hot, dry environments. osmoregulation Most insects have two pairs of wings located on the second and third thoracic segments. Insects are the only invertebrate group to have developed flight, and this has played an important part in their success. The winged insects, and their secondarily wingless relatives, make up the subclass Pterygota. Insect flight is not very well understood, relying heavily on turbulent atmospheric effects. In more primitive insects it tends to rely heavily on direct flight muscles, which act upon the wing structure. More advanced flyers, which make up the Neoptera, generally have wings that can be folded over their back, keeping them out of the way when not in use. In these insects, the wings are powered mainly by indirect flight muscles that move the wings by stressing the thorax wall. These muscles are able to contract when stretched without nervous impulses, allowing the wings to beat much faster than would be otherwise possible. Insects use tracheal respiration in order to transport oxygen through their bodies. Openings on the surface of the body called spiracles lead to the tubular tracheal system. Air reaches internal tissues via this system of branching trachea. The circulatory system of insects, like that of other arthropods, is open: the heart pumps the hemolymph through arteries to open spaces surrounding the internal organs; when the heart relaxes, the hemolymph seeps back into the heart. Insects hatch from eggs, and undergo a series of moults as they develop and grow in size. This manner of growth is necessitated by the exoskeleton. Moulting is a process by which the individual escapes the confines of the exoskeleton in order to increase in size, then grows a new outer covering. In most types of insects, the young, called nymphs, are basically similar in form to the adults (an example is the grasshopper), though wings are not developed until the adult stage. This is called incomplete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis distinguishes the Endopterygota, which includes many of the most successful insect groups. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage sealed within a cocoon or chrysalis in some species. In the pupal stage, the insect undergoes considerable change in form to emerge as an adult, or imago. Butterflies are an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis. imago.]]

Behavior

Many insects possess very refined organs of perception. In some cases, their senses can be more capable than humans. For example, bees can see in the ultraviolet spectrum, and male moths have a specialized sense of smell that enables them to detect the pheromones of female moths over distances of many kilometers. Social insects, such as the ant and the bee, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that are so tightly integrated and genetically similar the colonies are sometimes considered superorganisms.

Roles in the environment and human society

Many insects are considered pests by humans, because they transmit diseases (mosquitos, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control, often using insecticides, but more and more relying on methods of biocontrol. Although pest insects attract the most attention, many insects are beneficial to the environment and to humans. Some pollinate flowering plants (for example wasps, bees, butterflies, ants). Pollination is a trade between plants which need to reproduce, and pollinators which receive rewards of nectar and pollen. A serious environmental problem today is the decline of populations of pollinator insects, and a number of species of insects are now cultured primarily for pollination management in order to have sufficient pollinators in the field, orchard or greenhouse at bloom time. Insects also produce useful substances such as honey, wax, lacquer or silk. Honeybees, (pictured above) have been cultured by humans for thousands of years for honey, although contracting for crop pollination is becoming more significant for beekeepers. The silkworm has greatly affected human history as silk-driven trade established relationships between China and the rest of the world. Fly larvae (maggots) were formerly used to treat wounds to prevent or stop gangrene, as they would only consume dead flesh. This treatment is finding modern usage in some hospitals. Insect larvae of various kinds are also commonly used as fishing bait. In some parts of the world, insects are used for human food ("Entomophagy"), while being a taboo in other places. There are proponents of developing this use to provide a major source of protein in human nutrition. Since it is impossible to entirely eliminate pest insects from the human food chain, insects already are present in many foods, especially grains. Most people do not realize that food laws in many countries do not prohibit insect parts in food, but rather limit the quantity. According to cultural materialist anthropologist Marvin Harris, the eating of insects is taboo in cultures that have protein sources that require less work like farm birds or cattle. Many insects, especially beetles, are scavengers, feeding on dead animals and fallen trees, recycling the biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms. The ancient Egyptian religion adored beetles and represented them as scarabeums. Although mostly unnoticed by most humans, arguably the most useful of all insects are insectivores, those that feed on other insects. Many insects, such as grasshoppers can potentially reproduce so fast that they could literally bury the earth in a single season. However there are hundreds of other insect species that feed on grasshopper eggs, and some that feed on grasshopper adults. This role in ecology is usually assumed to be primarily one of birds, but insects, though less glamorous, are much more significant. For any pest insect one can name, there is a species of wasp that is either a parasitoid or predator upon that pest, and plays a significant role in controlling it. Human attempts to control pests by insecticides can backfire, because important but unrecognized insects already helping to control pest populations are also killed by the poison, leading eventually to population explosions of the pest species.

Fossils and evolution

predator The relationships of insects are unclear. Although traditionally grouped with millipedes and centipedes, evidence has emerged favoring a relationship with the crustaceans. Apart from some tantalizing Devonian fragments, insects first appear suddenly in the fossil record during the very start of the Late Carboniferous period, Early Bashkirian age, about 350 million years ago. As they are already specialized, and represented by more than half a dozen different orders, their anscestry must be sought earlier the Carboniferous, if not the Devonian. Little is known about the origin of insect flight, since the earliest winged insects appear to be capable fliers. Wings themselves are now thought to be highly modified gills, and some insects (e.g. the Palaeodictyoptera) had an additional pair of winglets attaching to the first segment of the thorax, for a total of three pairs. Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both several current very long-lived groups (mayflies, (Ephemeroptera), dragonflies (Odonata), cockroaches (Blattodea), and Orthoptera (grasshoppers and their relatives)) and a number of Paleozoic forms. During this time, some giant dragonfly-like forms - e.g. Meganeura and Meganeuropsis (Order Protodonata) and Mazothairos (Order Palaeodictyoptera) - reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm, making them far larger than any living insect. The Permian, around 270 million years, saw the development of most extant orders; while many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the earth. The remarkably successful Hymenopterans appeared in the Cretaceous but achieved their diversity more recently, in the Cenozoic. A number of highly successful insect groups — especially the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera (butterflies), as well as many types of Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) — evolved in conjunction with flowering plants, a powerful illustration of co-evolution. Many modern insect genera developed during the Cenozoic; from this period on we find insects preserved in amber, often in perfect condition and easily compared with modern species. The study of fossilized insects is called paleoentomology.

References

- — a classic textbook in North America
- — an up to date review of the evolutionary history of the insects

Quotes

- "Something in the insect seems to be alien to the habits, morals, and psychology of this world, as if it had come from some other planet: more monstrous, more energetic, more insensate, more atrocious, more infernal than our own." ::—Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949)

External links

- [http://cmave.usda.ufl.edu/~rmankin/soundlibrary.html Bug Bytes] A reference library of digitized insect sounds.
- [http://www.sonoma.edu/users/r/rank/Bio355/BIOL355inslinks.html Entomological Links] A long list of links about insects
- [http://www.insects.org/index.html INSECTS .org] A shameless promotion of insect appreciation.
- [http://www.food-insects.com/ Insects as Food] by Gene DeFoliart. Information about insects as a food resource.
- [http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/index.htm Kendall Bioresearch] Bug Index, Featured Bugs, Classification, ID, Fossils, Body-parts, Micro Views, Life Cycles, Pesticide Safety.
- [http://www.ub.es/dpep/meganeura/meganeura.htm Meganeura] Website about insect evolution and fossil record.
- [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Insecta&contgroup=Hexapoda Tree of Life Project] – Insecta
- [http://ufbir.ifas.ufl.edu/ UF Book of Insect Records], documenting "insect champions" in different categories Category:Arthropods Category:Entomology
- ko:곤충 ms:Serangga ja:昆虫類 simple:Insect th:แมลง

Cactus

:This article is about the plant family. For the genus Cactus, see Mammillaria, Melocactus and Opuntia. For the Texas town, see Cactus, Texas.
See Taxonomy of the Cactaceae A cactus (plural, cacti or cactuses) is a type of (usually) succulent plant belonging to the dicotyledonous flowering plant family, Cactaceae. The Cactaceae has (depending upon the authority) between 24 and 220 genera, with around 90 genera being the most widely accepted count, and with anywhere from 1,500 to 1,800 species. Cacti are well-known natives of the Americas, mostly in desert areas. Some are also rainforest epiphytes, growing on tree branches where, despite the high rainfall, water drains off quickly so that "dry" conditions prevail much of the time. epiphyte Cacti are almost exclusively New World plants. This means that they are native only in North America and South America. There is however one exception, Rhipsalis baccifera; this species has a pantropical distribution, occurring in the Old World in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Sri Lanka as well as in tropical America. This plant is thought to be a relatively recent colonist in the Old World (within the last few thousand years), probably carried as seeds in the digestive tracts of migratory birds. Many other cacti have become naturalized to similar environments in other parts of the world after being introduced by people. Although many other succulent plants exist in the Old World, even a few with spines, they are not cacti because they lack areoles. These specialized structures are unique to cacti and identify the family. Cacti are believed to have evolved in the last 30 to 40 million years. Long ago, the Americas were joined to the other continents, but separated due to continental drift. Unique species in the New World must have developed after the continents had moved apart. Significant distance between the continents was only achieved around in the last 50 million years. This may explain why cacti are so rare in Africa; the continents had already separated when cacti evolved. evolved Like other succulents, cacti are well-adapted to life with little precipitation. The leaves have evolved into spines, which in addition to allowing less water to evaporate than regular leaves, defend the cactus against water-seeking animals. Photosynthesis is carried out by enlarged stems, which also store water. Unlike many other succulents, the stem is the only part of a true cactus where this takes place. Very few members of the family have leaves, and when present these are usually rudimentary and soon fall off; they are typically awl-shaped and only 1-3 mm long. Two genera, Pereskia and Pereskiopsis, do however retain large, non-succulent leaves 5-25 cm long, and also non-succulent stems; they are possibly primitive genera, thought to be closely similar to the plants that cacti evolved from. Cacti come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Some grow to great size. Some cacti produce beautiful flowers, which like spines and branches arise from areoles. Many cactus species are night-blooming, as they are pollinated by nocturnal insects or small animals, principally moths and bats. Cacti range from small and round to pole-like and tall, such as the Saguaro. A number of cactus species are cultivated for use as houseplants, as well as for ornamental gardens. They often form part of xerophilic (dry) gardens in arid regions. Some cacti bear edible fruit. Selected important genera include the following; for a full list see Taxonomy of the Cactaceae
- Acanthocereus - triangle cactus
- Ariocarpus - living rock
- Bergerocactus - snakecactus
- Carnegiea - saguaro
- Cephalocereus - old man cactus
- Cereus - sweetpotato cactus
- Coryphantha - beehive cactus
- Echinocactus - barrel cactus
- Echinocereus - hedgehog cactus
- Echinopsis - San Pedro
- Epiphyllum - climbing cactus
- Epithelantha - pingpong ball cactus
- Escobaria - foxtail cactus, pincushion cactus
- Ferocactus - barrel cactus
- Gymnocalycium - Chin cactus
- Harrisia - applecactus
- Hylocereus - nightblooming cactus
- Lophophora - peyote
- Mammillaria - fishhook cactus, globe cactus, bird's-nest cactus
- Opuntia - prickly pear, cholla
- Pediocactus - hedgehog cactus
- Pilosocereus - tree cactus
- Schlumbergera - holiday cactus
- Sclerocactus - fishhook cactus
- Selenicereus - moonlight cactus, nightblooming cereus
- Turbinicarpus - top cactus

References and external links

- Anderson, Edward F. The Cactus Family (Timber Press, 2001) ISBN 0-88192-498-9 - Comprehensive and lavishly illustrated
- Benson, Lyman The Cacti of Arizona (The University of Arizona Press, 1981) ISBN 0-8165-0509-8 - Thorough treatment of the Arizona, U.S.A., species
- [http://www.cactiguide.com/ CactiGuide.com - many photos, and discussion forum]
- [http://www.cactus-mall.com/ Cactus portal]
- [http://hydrocactus.free.fr Hydrocactus flowering Cacti videos] Category:Plant families ja:サボテン simple:Cactus

Genus

In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologically similar species. In the common binomial nomenclature, the name of an organism is composed of two parts: its genus (always capitalized) and a species modifier. An example is Homo sapiens, the name for the human species which belongs to the genus Homo. See scientific classification for more details of this system. The type genus of a taxon is usually the first genus to be named and described. Families, and in plants all taxa up to division, are named after the type genus. The genus and these higher taxa are typified by a specimen that shows the characteristics of the genus. The specimen used to describe this species is preserved as the holotype and designated as a generitype in a zoological museum or a herbarium to be available for further study. A generic name in one kingdom is allowed to bear the same name as a genus or other taxon name in another kingdom (though this is discouraged by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). For instance, Anura is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae and the order of frogs; Aotus is the genus of golden peas and night monkeys; Oenanthe is the genus of wheatears and water dropworts, and Prunella is the genus of accentors and self-heal. It is, however, not allowed for two genera within the same kingdom to have the same name. This explains why the platypus genus is Ornithorhynchus — although the name Platypus was chosen by George Shaw in 1799, that name had already been given to the ambrosia beetle by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. Since beetles and platypuses are both member of the kingdom Animalia, the name Platypus could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

Order

The word order has a large number of different senses.

Religious

- Holy Orders, the rite or sacrament in which clergy are ordained;
- The monastic orders, originating with Anthony the Great and Benedict of Nursia from circa 300;
- the military orders of the crusades;
- the various chivalric orders established since the 14th century;

Honors

- Order (decoration);

Legal and military

- Court order;
- Executive order;
- General order;
- Standing order;
- Direct order;

In scientific classification

- Order (biology);
- social order;
- Order (chemistry);

In mathematics

- ordinal number;
- ordered set;
- order theory;
- total order;
- total preorder;
- partial order;
- order (group theory);
- multiplicative order;
- orders of magnitude, factors of ten;

In computer science

- canonical order;

Miscellaneous

- Collating order;
- Order (philosophy);
- Order (business);
- Architectonic orders: see classical order;
- The Order.

Hemiptera

Heteroptera
Homoptera
Hemiptera is an order of insects, comprising some 67,500 known species in two suborders, Heteroptera and Homoptera. Originally the Homoptera were treated as a separate order. Members of the Hemiptera, and of the Heteroptera in particular, are sometimes called "true bugs". The name "heteroptera" comes from their forewings having both membranous and hard portions. It is also this which gives the order its name, hemiptera, coming from the Greek for half-wing. Species of order Hemiptera occur worldwide; they are distinguished from all other insects by both adults and nymphs having piercing and sucking mouthparts housed in a long "beak". These are used mostly to feed on plant juices, but some species are adapted to suck blood from animals or other insects.

Suborder Heteroptera

Main article: Heteroptera 25,000 known species in over 60 families:
- shield bugs or stink bugs (Pentatomidae and related families)
- Leaf footed bugs and squash bugs (Coreidae)
- ground bugs (Lygaeidae)
- assassin bugs (Reduviidae)
- bedbugs and flower bugs (Cimicidae)
- capsid bugs or mirid bugs (Miridae; c.6,000 species)
- back swimmers or water boatman (Notonectidae)
- lesser water boatmen (Corixidae)
- saucer bugs (Naucoridae)
- pond skaters (Gerridae)
- Smaller water strider (Veliidae)

Suborder Homoptera

Smaller water strider There are approximately 42,500 known species.

Series Auchenorryncha

Cicadas and hoppers; 33,000 species in over 30 families.
- cicada (Cicadidae)
- froghopper, spittlebug (Cercopidae and allied families)
- treehopper (Membracidae)
- leafhopper (Cicadellidae)
- jumping plant lice (Psyllidae)

Series Sternorryncha

12,500 species.
- aphids ("greenfly", Aphididae)
- woolly and gall-making aphids (Eriosomatidae, Pemphigidae)
- pine and spruce aphids (Adelgidae, Chermidae)
- phylloxerans (Phylloxeridae, including Vine Phylloxera)
- whitefly (Aleyrodidae)
- Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects)
- cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, and ground pearls (Margarodidae)
- armored scale (Diaspididae)
- cochineal (Dactylopiidae)
- lac scales (Kerriidae, Lacciferidae)
- soft scales (Coccidae)
- pit scales (Asterolecaniidae)
- mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)
- felted scales (Eriococcidae)

External links

- [http://cirrusimage.com/bugs.htm Large format reference photographs: Common True Bugs of North America]
- http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/hemip.htm
- http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/hemip1.htm
- [http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/hemiptera/hemiptera.html Tree of Life project] Category:Exopterygota Hemiptera Category:Insects ja:カメムシ目

Category:Hemiptera

Category:Exopterygota

Gross spread

Gross spread refers to the fees that underwriters receive for arranging and underwriting an offering of debt or equity securities. The gross spread for an initial public offering (IPO) can be as high as 7%, while the gross spread on a debt offering can be as low as 0.05%. For example, if a company sells $100 million of shares in an IPO and the gross spread is 7%, the underwriting syndicate will receive fees of $7 million. These fees will be divided among the underwriters arranging the offering. Category:Securities

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Aqueous Launches

Int

Coloradoa (insect)

Insect

Relationship to other arthropods

Morphology and development

Behavior

Roles in the environment and human society

Fossils and evolution

References

Quotes

See also

External links

Cactus

See also

References and external links

Genus

See also

Order

Religious

Honors

Legal and military

In scientific classification

In mathematics

In computer science

Miscellaneous

See also

Hemiptera

Suborder Heteroptera

Suborder Homoptera

Series Auchenorryncha

Series Sternorryncha

External links

Category:Hemiptera

Gross spread

Aqueous Launches